Chengdu Mytech Biotech Co.,Ltd. Product R&D Department
There is a general shortage of high-quality protein resources in the animal husbandry industry, and cottonseed protein raw materials have gradually extended from the early ruminant and poultry feed to pig and aquatic feed. With the continuous improvement of production technology, the types of cottonseed deep-processing protein raw materials have gradually increased, and the quality has been greatly improved. Mytech Product R&D Department has sorted out the information on the supply status, production process, nutritional characteristics and application value of cottonseed protein raw materials, providing reference for you to apply such raw materials in feed.
1、Supply status
In 2023, the total output of cottonseed in China is about 10 million tons, mainly concentrated in Xinjiang, Shandong, Hebei, Hubei and other regions. Xinjiang's output accounts for about 80-90% of the total. Different types of protein raw materials can be obtained by cottonseed using different processing technologies.
Table 2023 Domestic Cottonseed Protein Supply Status
Cottonseed products | Cottonseed requirements (10,000 tons) | Yield,% | Total amount using in the feed (10,000 tons) |
Cottonseed | 200 | — | 200 (Direct feeding of ruminants) |
Cotton meal | 650 | 42-50 | 300 (part of which is processed into fermented cotton meal) |
Dephenolized cottonseed protein | 150 | 38-40 | 50 (part of which is processed into enzymatic cottonseed protein) |
[Data source] Conversion of cotton production into cottonseed production by National Bureau of Statistics in 2023, prediction of cottonseed meal production from Gonyn in 2023, and production data of a cottonseed protein company in 2023.
2、Production process
The major cottonseed protein raw materials in the market include cottonseed meal and dephenolized cottonseed protein, which are further processed into fermented cottonseed meal and enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein on this basis. The production process of different types of products is as follows:
Cotton meal: Cotton meal is obtained after shelling, steaming, pre-pressing, leaching, and desolubilization. According to the degree of shelling and desolubilization, the protein content is divided into 38% CP, 42% CP, and 46% CP cotton meal. The current highest protein content can be increased to 60% CP cotton meal.
Fermented cotton meal: Cotton meal is used as raw material, and through microbial fermentation technology, unhealthy components are reduced and microbial metabolites are increased. Fermented cotton meal with different protein content can be produced by fermentation of cotton meal raw materials with different protein content.
Dephenolized cottonseed protein: With the continuous development of hulling, oil extraction, and dephenolization technologies, most of the cottonseed protein on the market is dephenolized cottonseed protein. The protein content is divided into 50% CP, 60% CP and 65% CP dephenolized cottonseed protein due to the different degree of hulling.
Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein: dephenolic cottonseed protein is used as raw material, and combined liquid enzymatic hydrolysis technology is adopted to improve the digestion utilization rate of protein and release bioactive peptides. Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein with different protein content is produced by using dephenolated cottonseed protein with different protein content.
3、Nutritional characteristics
Cottonseed is treated by hulling, delilling, oil extraction, phenol removal, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis to improve its protein utilization efficiency. Therefore, the following is an analysis from the three dimensions of "two highs and one low" of cottonseed protein raw materials, namely nutritional value, functional value, and unhealthy ingredients.
3.1 Nutritional value
(1) General parameters
Cotton meal: Cotton seeds are not completely hulled and velveted, so the fiber content is high and the energy value is low.
n Fermented cotton meal: After fermentation, the crude protein is increased to 50%, the fiber is reduced, and the energy value is increased.
Dephenolized cottonseed protein: Cottonseed is deeply hulled, develeted, soaked, and dephenolized, so that the crude protein is increased to 60%, and the fiber content is reduced.
Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein: During the proteolysis of dephenolic cottonseed, enzymes and acid-base regulating substances is added, so the content of crude protein is appropriately reduced.
Table Basic nutritional parameters of epicottonseed protein materials
Nutritional characteristics | Cotton meal (42%CP) | Fermented cotton meal (50%CP) | Dephenolized cottonseed protein (60%CP) | Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein (56%CP) |
Pig digestive energy kcal/kg | 2310 | 2700 | 4000 | 3750 |
Dry matter % | 90 | 88 | 94 | 92 |
Crude protein % | 42 | 50 | 60 | 56 |
Crude fat % | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Crude fiber % | 15 | 12 | 8 | 8 |
Crude ash % | 7 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
Calcium % | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Phosphorus % | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
[Data source] "2020 Edition of Nutritional Needs of Chinese Pigs", some parameters refer to the data measured by Chengdu Mytech
(2) Composition of amino acid
Amino acids are mainly affected by the types of raw materials. Cottonseed proteins are all processed products of cottonseed, and their amino acid composition ratios are basically the same.
Cottonseed protein raw materials have low lysine and high arginine, and the arginine of dephenolic cottonseed protein and enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein reaches 6-7%.
Table Amino Acid Composition of Cottonseed Protein Raw Materials
Amino acid composition | Cotton meal (42%CP) | Fermented cotton meal (50%CP) | Dephenolized cottonseed protein (60%CP) | Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein (56%CP) |
Lys lysine % | 1.70 | 2.12 | 2.73 | 2.35 |
Met methionine % | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.81 | 0.75 |
Cys cystine % | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.86 | 0.64 |
Trp tryptophan % | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.78 | 0.70 |
Thr Threonine % | 1.29 | 1.74 | 1.89 | 1.77 |
Arg arginine % | 4.39 | 4.44 | 7.42 | 6.15 |
Phe phenylalanine % | 2.30 | 2.28 | 3.36 | 2.92 |
Tyr tyrosine % | 0.99 | 1.25 | 1.95 | 1.54 |
Leu leucine % | 2.32 | 3.58 | 3.39 | 3.30 |
Ile isoleucine % | 1.19 | 1.58 | 1.98 | 1.80 |
Val valine % | 1.73 | 2.57 | 2.90 | 2.34 |
His histidine % | 1.06 | 1.42 | 1.82 | 1.53 |
Gly glycine % | 1.60 | 2.28 | 2.52 | 2.25 |
Ser serine % | 1.66 | 2.07 | 2.75 | 2.34 |
Pro Proline % | 1.42 | 1.86 | 2.01 | 2.05 |
Ala alanine % | 1.51 | 2.92 | 2.32 | 2.16 |
Asp aspartic acid % | 3.55 | 4.19 | 5.82 | 5.08 |
Glu glutamic acid % | 7.74 | 10.17 | 12.73 | 12.05 |
[Data source] The data of meal raw material parameters come from "2020 Edition Chinese Pig Nutritional Needs", fermentation raw materials come from the publicity information of the corresponding producers, and the parameters of dephenolized cottonseed protein and enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed come from the measured data of Chengdu Mytech
（3）Protein digestibility
Cotton meal: After cotton seed is steamed and fried at high temperature, protein will experience heat denaturation which leads to low protein solubility, and low protein digestibility in vitro and in vivo.
Fermented cotton meal: After fermentation and then drying, the protein will be denatured to varying degrees due to the influence of drying temperature, and the protein digestibility in vitro will decrease.
Dephenolized cottonseed protein: Dephenolized, desoluble protein alcohol denaturation and heat denaturation, protein solubility decreased, in vitro protein digestibility decreased.
Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein: Enzymatic hydrolysis degrades macromolecular proteins into small molecular peptides, and its protein solubility, in vitro and in vivo digestibility of growing pigs are improved (the in vivo protein digestibility of lactating piglets has a greater increase).
Table Protein digestibility of epicottonseed protein materials
Types of raw materials | Protein solubility (%) | In vitro protein digestibility (%) (Gastropancreatic double enzyme method) | Apparent ileal digestibility of protein in vivo (%) (35-45kg growing pigs) |
Cotton meal (42% CP); | 60-65 | 85 | 79 |
Fermented cotton meal (50% CP) | 50-70 | 72 | 78 |
Dephenolized cottonseed protein (60% CP) | 45-50 | 60 | 80 |
Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein (56% CP); | 75-80 | 90 | 88 |
[Data source] Apparent ileal digestibility parameters of proteins in vivo: Zhao Jianfei (2021), Wang Q.Y (2019), Zhang Chengcheng (2012), Jia Guowen (2003), Huang Juncheng (2011), Feed Industry Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Protein solubility, in vitro protein digestibility: measured data from Chengdu Mytech R&D Center.
[Link] A brief analysis of direct evaluation methods for protein digestibility (in vitro and in vivo detection methods)
3.2 Functional value
Cottonseed protein raw materials not only provide nutritional value, but also important functional value in the source and deep processing. Raffinose, functional amino acid arginine, bioactive peptide (150-1000Da) and other functional components are conducive to the development and health of the intestinal tract of lactating piglets, and the reproductive performance of sows.
Table Functional Components of Cottonseed Protein Raw Materials
Types (Function) | Raffinose Serving as prebiotics Promote intestinal flora balance | Functional amino acid Improving intestinal health of lactating piglets Improving lactation performance of lactating sows | Bioactive peptide Enhance animal antioxidant function Enhance animal anti-inflammatory function |
Cotton meal | 3-5% | Arginine 4-5%, glutamic acid 8% | —— |
Fermented cotton meal | 2-3% | Arginine 4-5%, glutamic acid 10% | —— |
Dephenolized cottonseed protein | 2.5-3.5% | Arginine 7-8%, glutamate 12%; | ABTS antioxidant capacity: 5-10mmol/kg; |
Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein | 2.5-3.5% | Arginine 6-7%, glutamate 12%; | 150-1000Da Bioactive Peptide: 18% ABTS antioxidant capacity: 35-40mmol/kg; |
3.3 Undesirable ingredients
Cottonseed protein raw materials contain undesirable ingredients, such as tannin, cyclopropylene fatty acid, gossypol and so on. According to the location and physical and chemical characteristics of the undesirable components, different processes are used for degradation. According to its content and dosage, it is controlled within the tolerance range of animals to reduce adverse effects on animals.
Table Undesirable constituents of epicottonseed protein raw materials
Types | Application hazard | Location | Degradation process |
Tannin | Bitter and astringent taste affects animal feed intake | Cotton shell | Hulling |
Cyclopropylene fatty acid | The application to poultry laying eggs will change the permeability of the yolk membrane, and the iron ions in the yolk are transferred to the egg white, forming "sponge eggs" and "peach eggs" | Cotton oil | Oil extraction |
Free gossypol | Reducing the reproductive function of male animals | Cotton kernel | Dephenolization, fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis |
4、Application value
According to the physiological characteristics and nutritional needs of farmed animals, different types of cottonseed protein raw materials can be applied to different animal categories to give full play to the best application value.
Cottonseed: Cottonseed with shell and velvet can be applied directly to ruminants to provide fiber for rumen use and protein at the same time.
Cotton meal: As the second largest supply of miscellaneous meal, it has been widely used in poultry and common aquatic feed.
Fermented cotton meal: it has high protein content, good palatability, and contains fermentation metabolites, and can be used in poultry, pig, and aquatic feed.
Dephenolic cottonseed protein: it has high protein content, good palatability, contains fermentation metabolites, and can be used in poultry, pig, aquatic feed.
Enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein: it has high protein content, high protein digestibility, high bioactive peptide content, strong antioxidant ability, and can be applied to young livestock and poultry animals (improve intestinal health), reproductive animals (improve lactation performance), special aquatic animals (improve liver and intestine health).
Mytech focuses on animal protein nutrition, develops high-quality functional protein raw materials through enzymatic hydrolysis technology, provides protein nutrition solutions for feed companies and breeding companies, helps efficient use of protein resources, and reduces costs and increases efficiency in animal husbandry!.
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